A little less than a year ago, the National Geographic Channel (NatGeo) executed a truly novel crowdsourcing initiative that I feel is deserving of greater critical attention.
Hailed by some as innovative public engagement, derided by cynics as mere marketing spectacle, and condemned by others as a threat to our very way of life, hindsight suggests that this bold and yet somewhat understated event may have been the most significant contribution of the entire (and much maligned) television project.
The Wow! Reply
Specifically, the initiative’s concept was to solicit tweets from the public, collect and compress them into a digital package, and then “beam” the collective message into space as a potential reply to the famed, so-called “Wow! Signal.”
[The Wow! Signal refers to a 72-second-long radio signal picked up momentarily by SETI’s Big Ear radio telescope in Ohio on August 15, 1977. As an enigmatic signal that appeared for all the world to represent Search for Extra-Terrestrial Intelligence (SETI) paydirt, it remains to this day arguably the strongest candidate for radio evidence of extraterrestrial life, though that isn’t saying all that much, as the signal has never been rediscovered for confirmation. As a result, current SETI Institute director of interstellar message composition Douglas Vakoch has claimed that the signal has received more attention than it scientifically merits. …But that’s a different story.]
In short, NatGeo was keen to supply anyone with access to a computer or smart-phone a chance to say something to the rest of the universe, all in promotion of its newest extraterrestrial-life-themed television show. There were no restrictions on public participation or the content of anyone’s messages, save the 140-character limit built into Twitter tweets.
In my experience, this so-called “Wow! Reply” was a definite first: An innovative collaboration between public media and research academia – in this case NatGeo and the famed Arecibo Observatory – that manifested as a public-outreach and active-SETI experiment on a global scale.
The Reply was ultimately successful (in that the interstellar broadcast was successfully performed from Arecibo), and the transmission was targeted back toward the location of the original Wow! signal precisely 35 years to the day from the original signal’s receipt.
An ambitious undertaking for an endeavor entirely conceived and funded to generate interest in a television show, indeed!
However, to understand the varied reactions to the Reply, it’s necessary to first explore how and why the Reply was crafted and executed in the first place.
(Credit: National Astronomy and Ionosphere Center [NAIC]/Cornell U./NSF)
The idea of the Reply was innovated by Campfire, a consulting firm specializing in “transmedia” storytelling (involving multiple media forms and channels). The initiative itself was kicked off by soliciting Wow! Reply videos from celebrities and scientists, (to which I contributed).
Some of these videos were over-the-top, while others were serious and science-based.
A personal favorite is Stephen Colbert’s riff on the event.
-In any case, for something as seemingly esoteric as radio SETI, (which is essentially radio astronomy), this was an unprecedented amount of exposure!
Alongside, official word from National Geographic Channel was somewhat divorced from the show it was loosely designed to promote while being surprisingly inspirational and forthright in tone:
“We wanted to come up with some sort of social experiment where we would galvanize people to tap into the curiosity about whether there is life and intelligence elsewhere.” (Courtney Monroe, NatGeo spokesperson)
“…curiosity around the Wow! Reply is rooted in one of mankind’s oldest unanswered questions: Are we alone in this universe?” (NatGeo Wow! Reply website)
“…[Intelligent extraterrestrial life] would have to decode [the Wow! Reply]. We have carefully structured our encoding and transmission so that it would be difficult to recognize the signal as anything random. However, decoding the messages … They simply would not have the social context to do that. …no one involved in this project sees it as a truly scientific step toward finding intelligent life in the universe. After all, this is not a SETI project. … But, that doesn’t mean it’s not a fun exercise, designed to provoke a whole range of questions and conversations down here on Earth – what do we believe is our place in the cosmos? If we had to sum up the human experience for another civilization, what would we say?” (NatGeo Wow! Reply website)
Ultimately, one could say the Reply served its purpose, as more than 20,000 people tweeted specific messages on the appointed date (June 29, 2012) in order to be included in the transmission, and countless others were made more aware of SETI, radio astronomy, and the existence of the Wow! Signal as a result.
But forgetting the far-fetched and tantalizing possibility of contacting aliens for a moment, what of our own reactions to the Reply?
The Wow! Reaction… from Us.
Prior to the Jun 29 2012 tweet-collection date, there was significant and generally neutral-positive press coverage of the Wow! Reply, which crossed public and professional-level publications, including articles from Slashgear, Huffington Post, and Phys.org.
Unfortunately, however, any fanfare associated with the Reply was quickly siphoned and/or overshadowed by its association with the premier of a television show that, regrettably, communicated a much less scientific or exploratory message.
The press coverage quickly shifted toward neutral-negative, as seen in this NPR article, fading by the time of the transmission of the Reply itself to a simple, short blip on the newswire, exemplified by this NPR piece.
Then, coverage vanished entirely.
Now, a little less than a year later, the collective response from the scientific community and the general public on the Reply has been mixed, running the gamut from enthusiasm to fury.
Why mixed, you might ask? What could possibly be perceived as negative about something that engaged so many people in the history of science, the wonders of radio astronomy, and possibility of life in the universe?
For the answer, let’s step squarely out of the realm of public media and discuss what NatGeo, wittingly or unwittingly, really engaged in when they conspired to undertake the Reply: METI, or Messaging Extra-Terrestrial Intelligence.
Intragalactic Smoke Signals
Sending a message between stars may sound straightforward enough, but actually accomplishing the collection and broadcast of 20,000 tweets into space is a non-trivial technological feat in and of itself.
Addressing the problem of creating something even hypothetically translate-able by a non-terrestrial civilization is an altogether separate and even more daunting task.
Now, it should be mentioned that we – humanity – have been broadcasting signals into space since television broadcasts first began. Our radio signals travel upwards and out into space in addition to traveling sideways where the antennae on our old TV sets would be best positioned to receive them.
Much like a beacon, these signals travel outward at the speed of light with time, some of which may have reached as far as 80 light years distant from us since then, (a radius that includes upwards of 5,000 stars!). And crudely, like a smoke signal, the on-and-off of these transmissions has the ability to hypothetically alert another civilization (with the technology to detect them) to our presence on the galactic scene.
However, with all of this in mind and especially considering that SETI itself is approaching half of a century of maturity as a scientific pursuit, many are surprised to learn that a broadcast with the specific intent of transmitting information to – i.e., communicating with – hypothetical Extra-Terrestrial Intelligence (ETI) has only been attempted eleven times in human history, nine of those being prior to the Wow! Reply.
Think about that. Eleven times since we developed radio technology. That’s the galactic equivalent of being trapped in a basement for a year and only calling out for help on the order of (very, very generously) 3 hours.
Not very good odds of being heard at all.
Most notable amongst these earlier transmissions was the Arecibo Message of 1974, a powerful, 210-byte message created by eminent SETI scientist Frank Drake and astronomer Carl Sagan, which was aimed at M13 – a star cluster located a cool 25,000 light-years from Earth. (Read: It will be 25,000 years before that message reaches its destination! …but a quirk of astrophysics dictates that the stars won’t even be there by the time it gets there. Everything is moving, after all.)
After that, it is interesting to note that the next message wasn’t even attempted until 25 years later, in 1999 (Cosmic Call 1). The remaining six broadcasts were conducted in the aughts (2000-2010).
Now, and literally aimed a bit closer to home, we finally arrive at the NatGeo Wow! Reply on August 15, 2012.
The Wow! Reply Transmission
So, how was the Wow! Reply itself transmitted? Using the Arecibo radio observatory’s formidable 1-megawatt continuous-wave (CW) S-band transmitter, the project organizers used a 2380 MHz (12.6 cm wavelength) carrier wave to send what promotional materials referred to as a “global tweet” into space.
More specific technical details of the Reply’s assembly, construction, encoding, and transmission have been, somewhat surprisingly, fairly hard to come by. Even more curiously, I was ultimately able to recover this information in a primary-source context only from an article removed from the National Geographic website not long after it was posted. (I’m honestly not sure what to make of that.)
In any case, here goes. Because of uncertainty in the source location of the original Wow! Signal, the Wow! Reply was targeted toward three different stars, which were each selected based on a trio of criteria. Namely, they were selected based on their location, proximity to our own star system, similarity to our sun, (and I suspect a fair amount of opportunism with respect to the dish’s orientation at the time).
The ultimate winners were/are:
- Hipparcos 34511 (150 light years away)
- Hipparcos 33277, or 37 Geminorum (57 light years away, and coincidentally the location of an earlier METI project)
- Hipparcos 43587, or 55 Cancri (41 light years away and which has several confirmed orbiting planets!)
It’s a bit sobering to not just imagine but to know that these stars are not just numbers in a database but are actual stars, whirling about the Milky Way in the precise fashion that our sun does the same, dragging the Earth and the other planets along with it.
And like our Sun, we actually know that at least in one of these cases, these stars are also surrounded by actual alien worlds. A system of planets not unlike our own. Astronomers and planetary scientists call them Extrasolar Planets, or Exoplanets.
Specifically, there are at least five planets orbiting the yellow dwarf star within the 55 Cancri system (see the above image), one of which may skirt that system’s habitable zone. In other words, not only are they available to harbor hypothetical alien life, but one planet in particular (unceremoniously titled) “55 Cnc f” may even be able to support life as we already know it.
A heady endeavor, indeed. But what is it we actually sent there (to arrive in the year 2053)?
To prepare the message to be delivered to each of these stars, all of the public videos and tweets were first converted to binary data. Then, scientists at Arecibo were claimed to have added what they refer to as a “training header” to help a hypothetical recipient decode the message, as well as regular repetitions of header sequences prior to each tweet (meaning at least 20,000!) to help distinguish the signal from cosmic noise.
Then, at the power level mentioned above, which is roughly 20 times greater than the most powerful conventional radio transmitter, the enormous surface area of the Arecibo antenna would have boosted the signal to an effective power of more than 10 TeraWatts.
For reference, this is enough power (properly harnessed) such that Doc Brown could have sent Marty McFly back to the future more than 8,000 times.
Pretty powerful, indeed. But then again, it would have to be. The nearest star on the recipient list is, in conventional distances, 2,410,000,000,000,000 (nearly two-and-a-half quadrillion) miles away.
And as for how to make the 1 and 0 parts of the radio message, astronomers use what is known as a Binary Phase Shift Keying modulator that literally flops the carrier signal to represent up or down, or 1 and 0.
Now, having sent the Wow! Reply is one thing. The idea that an extraterrestrial civilization could produce any meaningful information from it is another entirely.
Communicating with the Unknown
The odds of translating an alien message is remote. Vastly remote. So remote, in fact, that NatGeo in their own description of the event declares the possibility to be zero:
“[An alien civilization] simply would not have the context to do that.”
So, was this all in vain? Has the truth of the advertising and marketing aspect of this endeavor finally been laid bare? Well, not necessarily. While the broadcast may have been a blast of indecipherable binary code, it may still function as a lighthouse-style beacon, and further, it provides excellent context for explaining the difference between so-called Active SETI and METI here at home.
The Chief Scientist of Russia’s Institute of Radio-engineering and Electronics Alexander Zaitsev has eloquently laid out the argument for the difference between and importance of SETI and METI in his paper, “Messaging to Extra-Terrestrial Intelligence.”
Quite simply, on the one hand the mission of SETI is to produce confirmation of extraterrestrial intelligence. From this inward-directed vantage, messages such as the Wow! Reply seem to be of little value, as they present a disappointingly remote “shot in the dark,” as it were, of being received, translated, and acted upon.
However, METI proponents possess a much more outward-directed motive, which is to not only ideally communicate with ETI but also to inspire their Wow! Signal moments, even if they are unable to reply. What a mental back-bend to consider such a possibility!
In Zaitsev’s words,
“METI pursues not a local, but a more global purpose – to overcome the Great Silence in the Universe, bringing to our extraterrestrial neighbors the long-expected annunciation “You are not alone!””
Clever work is being done today on the design of universally-translate-able METI, such has modulating the signal itself to represent physical elements, (e.g., invoking pattens in the radio wave itself so that it serves as the message), yet Zaitsev’s point is that doing so may not even be essential to fulfill a much more significant role to another civilization.
The Hawking Warning
So, that brings us to the next chapter of this interstellar adventure, which is the opposition to METI. It’s easy to imagine the benefits of such a philosophically-lofty endeavor, e.g., inspiring a “first contact” moment with another civilization that has the capacity to, in turn, broaden our cultural horizons to include a galaxy that has satisfied one of our longest-standing questions – revealing that we are indeed not alone!
However, what of the potential pitfalls?
As it turns out, objections to METI are not new. In reaction to the famed Arecibo Message of 1974 mentioned earlier, Nobel laureate and astronomer Martin Ryle championed that any attempted extraterrestrial messages be strictly outlawed, at least pending some sort of rigid global review and risk assessment.
Why?
In what may be seen through the lens of future history as either paranoid or prophetic, Ryle’s objections were repeated in 2011 by eminent physicist Dr. Stephen Hawking, who issued an infamous alert warning humanity away from attempting to contact extraterrestrial life.
For someone as engaged in public science outreach as Dr. Hawking has been throughout his career, the proclamation was seen by many as puzzling or counter-intuitive. However, his concerns were based on hard historical data – something that is obviously difficult to come by when talking about any scenario for which we have no practical example.
In Hawking’s words:
“If aliens visit us, the outcome would be much as when Columbus landed in America, which didn’t turn out well for the Native Americans … We only have to look at ourselves to see how intelligent life might develop into something we wouldn’t want to meet.”
Now, there is nothing saying that this must be the case, but the objection certainly merits critical thought. If relevant, shouldn’t any attempts at interstellar contact be limited as these precautionists warn – at least until we possess a means of planetary defense?
And if the concern is not applicable, why not? Can we be sure? (This relates in a way to what I like to refer to as the Andromeda Strain and War of the Worlds spectrum for interplanetary or interstellar lifeform interactions…)
Domino Effect: The Lone Signal
In perhaps the most intriguing development of all, it appears that the concept of the Wow! Reply earned the attention of an entirely unexpected group – public outreach space scientists themselves.
Just last month, a crowdfunded METI/Active SETI program called Lone Signal began continuous operation at California’s Jamesburg Earth Station. In a strikingly-similar sort of outreach initiative to the Wow! Reply, the objective of Lone Signal is to continuously transmit “tweet”-sized messages from the public toward Gliese 526, a red dwarf star located a mere 17.6 light years away.
Lone Signal began sending these transmissions on June 17 of this year. If successful, they hope to activate a network of stations across the Earth, greatly enhancing our star system’s galactic profile, in a manner of speaking.
As for Hawking’s warning about the dangers of exactly such an increase in visibility to the brotherhood of advanced and potentially-threatening alien civilizations that may or may not exist? Lone Signal’s chief scientist has stated that he believes any nearby advanced extraterrestrial civilizations are already aware of our existence due to radio leakage, and humanity’s previous high-power transmissions could be detected with relatively simple equipment.
While engaging the public in an active outreach program, Lone Signal hopes to resolve what is essentially another civilization’s Wow! Signal problem – since our previous broadcasts have been short bursts that have never repeated, any civilization just tuning in could have caught just a fragment.
Lone Signal aims to broadcast continuously for the foreseeable future, giving other civilizations that which we ourselves have yet to find: the power of confirmation.
The Wisdom of Active SETI and METI
You be the judge. Was the Wow! Reply the first in a series of media efforts to engage the public in a world that extends beyond our horizons? Was it simply advertising masquerading as science? Will it be looked upon as the lure that attracted what may become an unprecedented future conflict over resources with life hailing from another star system? Or might it hasten the day that we realize we are not alone in the universe, helping us resolve our internal quarrels and participate in a broader spectrum of interactions in our stellar neighborhood already in play?
Time will tell.
But this is the conversation I sincerely wish we would have been in a position to facilitate a year ago.
Comments welcome.
Chronicles of an Atomic Astrowright 
The problem, of course, is that so few people – academics and lay people alike – even see this as a valuable or even legitimate conversation to have in the first place. Until SETI and by extension, METI, is embraced as serious scientific and cultural inquiry, the “giggle factor” will unfortunately override serious discussion. While SETI has made great strides in achieving some of this legitimacy among scientists, the popular notion of it is still steeped in “little green men” and “ET, phone home.” Unfortunately, it doesn’t help that major news sites disparage genuine SETI research by relegating it to “Oddities”(Associated Press) or “Weird News” (Huffington Post), putting it side-by-side with the “Aliens Dressed as Cows” stories. Two things need to happen before meaningful conversation about the content, merits and risks of METI can occur:
1) Popular culture needs to embrace a more authentic understanding and expectation of what alien life – whether microbial or intelligent – might be like. And it’s not “Men in Black”! While fantastical at the end, Carl Sagan’s “Contact” was still one of the best, serious attempts to spur this conversation. More are necessary. Until there is widespread popular opinion that this conversation is legitimate and meaningful, news coverage – which both molds and reflects public opinion – will continue to consider it junk news.
2) Astronomers, astrophysicists and astrobiologists should not have to be the only ones talking. Other voices need to speak up. The emerging interdisciplinary field of astrosociology has already and will bring much more to the table here (google Albert Harrison’s research for one example), but so too should the breadth of disciplines which have historically sought to understand what it means to be human. And this conversation needs to extend broadly into our college classrooms just as we have incorporated conversations about diversity or ethics into the curriculum of every discipline.
Contact will more than “Wow” us; it will change humanity at a visceral level. The awe of it may eventually leave us speechless; but that doesn’t mean we should be silent now.
I believe, in a outta-the-box way, it was actually scientific research masquerading as advertising masquerading as scientific research. Undubiously, a success for seti.
Hawking is overwhelming right. Lookit, if we stumble upon a less advanced intelligent civilization, how long before we scout their resources? Then, if some desired element is discovered how long before we actually acquire it?
Humanity, especially us Americans, is pro-protection of self. Anything that can contribute to the increasing or improving of this protection is deemed a must-have. Creative minds will exhaughst every senario on have to obtain it. By force would be the logical & innate choice that would both be a first & last resort simultaneously.
In other words, when all else fails…
Reblogged this on HumanSun.
Outlaw seti aliens will destroy us like bugs!